Ukuthuthukiswa Kwamabhodlela Ewayini Elibomvu

Amabhodlela amagilebhisi anezinhlobonhlobo nemibala aqukethe iwayini elimnandi kuphela, kodwa futhi aveze ulwazi oluningi mayelana newayini kithi kusukela ohlangothini.Lesi sihloko sizoqala kusukela emsuka wewayini elibomvu futhi sihlanganyele ukuthuthukiswa kwebhodlela lewayini elibomvu lonke.

Ngaphambi kokuxoxa ngokuthuthukiswa kwamabhodlela ewayini elibomvu, ake sixoxe kafushane ngomlando wokuthuthuka kwayo yonke iminyaka eyizinkulungwane eziyisishiyagalolunye yewayini elibomvu. wewayini emanxiweni aseJiahu eHenan ubhale kabusha leli rekhodi.Ngokwemiphumela yamanje, umlando wokuphisa utshwala waseChina uneminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000 ngaphambi kowamazwe angaphandle.Okusho ukuthi, i-Jiahu Site, isayithi elibalulekile ekuqaleni kwe-Neolithic Age e-China, futhi iyishabhu yokuqala yokwenza iwayini emhlabeni.Ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali enzika odongeni lwangaphakathi lwezitsha zobumba ezambiwa endaweni yakwaJiahu, kwatholakala ukuthi abantu ngaleso sikhathi babenza iwayini elibilile lerayisi, uju newayini, futhi babezigcina ezimbizeni zobumba. I-Georgia, i-Armenia, i-Iran namanye amazwe, kwatholakala iqoqo lemishini emikhulu yokuphisa izitsha zobumba kusukela ngo-4000 BC.Ngaleso sikhathi, abantu babesebenzisa lezi zinto ezigqitshiwe ekwenzeni iwayini;Kuze kube namuhla, iGeorgia isasebenzisa iziqukathi ezweni ukwenza iwayini, elivame ukubizwa ngokuthi i-KVEVRI.Oqwembeni lwe-Pilos yamaGreki yasendulo kusukela ngo-1500 kuya ku-1200 BC, ulwazi oluningi mayelana nemivini yamagilebhisi newayini kuvame ukuqoshwa ngezinhlamvu ezilandelanayo zesigaba B. (isiGreki sasendulo).

121 BC ubizwa ngokuthi unyaka we-Opimian, okubhekiselwa onyakeni wewayini ongcono kakhulu enkathini yegolide yaseRoma lasendulo.Kuthiwa leli wayini lisengaphuzwa ngemva kweminyaka eyi-100. Ngo-77, uPliny Omdala, umbhali wama-encyclopedic eRoma lasendulo, wabhala imishwana edumile ethi "Vino Veritas" nethi "Ewayinini Likhona Iqiniso" encwadini yakhe ethi "Natural History". ".

Phakathi nekhulu le-15-16, iwayini ngokuvamile lalifakwa ebhodleleni ezimbizeni zobumba bese liyavutshelwa futhi ukuze likhiqize amabhamuza;Lesi sitayela se-Cremant siyisibonelo sewayini lesiFulentshi elicwebezelayo kanye ne-English cider. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-16, ukuze kuvinjwe iwayini ukuthi lingaboli ngesikhathi sokuthutha amabanga amade, abantu ngokuvamile babelula ukuphila kwabo ngokungeza utshwala (indlela yokuqinisa).Kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, amawayini adumile anezivikelo eziqinile njengePort, Sherry, Madeira kanye neMarsala enziwe ngale ndlela.Ngekhulu le-17, ukuze kulondolozwe kangcono iPorter, amaPutukezi aba izwe lokuqala ukwenza iwayini elibhodleleni lengilazi lidume, ligqugquzelwa yilaba ababili. indlebe yewayini imbiza eqoshiwe kumarekhodi omlando.Ngeshwa, ibhodlela lengilazi ngaleso sikhathi lalingase libekwe ngokuqondile, ngakho-ke isivalo sokhuni sasiqhekeka kalula ngenxa yokomisa, futhi ngaleyo ndlela salahlekelwa umphumela waso wokuvala.

E-Bordeaux, 1949 kwaba unyaka omuhle kakhulu, owawubizwa nangokuthi i-Vintage of the Century.Ngo-1964, kwazalwa i-Bag-in-a-Box Wines yokuqala emhlabeni.Umbukiso wokuqala wewayini emhlabeni wawubanjwe ngo-1967 eVerona. , Italy.Ngawo lowo nyaka, umshini wokuvuna wokuqala emhlabeni wonke wathengiswa ngokusemthethweni eNew York. Ngo-1978, u-Robert Parker, umgxeki wewayini onegunya elikhulu kunawo wonke emhlabeni, wasungula ngokusemthethweni iphephabhuku i-Wine Advocate, futhi uhlelo lwakhe lwamamaki ayikhulu nalo seluphenduke inkomba ebalulekile. ukuze abathengi bathenge iwayini.Kusukela lapho, i-1982 ibe yinkathi yoshintsho ezinzuzweni ezinhle zikaParker.

Ngo-2000, i-France yaba umkhiqizi omkhulu wewayini emhlabeni, ilandelwa yi-Italy.Ngo-2010, i-Cabernet Sauvignon yaba uhlobo lwamagilebhisi olutshalwe kakhulu emhlabeni.Ngo-2013, i-China yaba umthengi omkhulu wewayini elibomvu elomile emhlabeni.

Ngemva kokwethula ukuthuthukiswa kwewayini elibomvu, ake sikhulume ngokuthuthukiswa kwamabhodlela ewayini elibomvu.Okwandulela ibhodlela lengilazi yibhodwe lobumba noma isitsha samatshe.Kunzima ukucabanga ukuthi abantu basendulo bathululela kanjani izingilazi zewayini ngezimbiza zobumba ezinobumba.

Eqinisweni, ingilazi yatholwa futhi yasetshenziswa kusukela ezikhathini zamaRoma, kodwa izinto zengilazi ngaleso sikhathi zaziyigugu kakhulu futhi zingavamile, okwakunzima kakhulu ukuzibumba futhi zintekenteke.Ngaleso sikhathi, izicukuthwane zazikubheka ngokucophelela okunzima ukuthola ingilazi njengebanga eliphezulu, futhi ngezinye izikhathi zazize zizisonge ngegolide.Kuvela ukuthi lokho okudlalwa iNtshonalanga akulona igolide elihuqwe nge-jade, kodwa igolide elihuqwe “ngengilazi”!Uma sisebenzisa izitsha zengilazi ukuqukatha iwayini, lingakholeki njengamabhodlela enziwe ngedayimane.

Iwayini elatholwa e-Iran cishe ngo-5400 BC lalithathwa njengelinye lamawayini okuqala aphuzwayo emhlabeni, kodwa ukutholakala kwewayini emanxiweni aseJiahu eHenan kubhale kabusha leli rekhodi.Ngokwemiphumela yamanje, umlando wokuphisa utshwala waseChina uneminyaka engaphezu kuka-1000 ngaphambi kowamazwe angaphandle.Okusho ukuthi, i-Jiahu Site, isayithi elibalulekile ekuqaleni kwe-Neolithic Age e-China, futhi iyishabhu yokuqala yokwenza iwayini emhlabeni.Ngemva kokuhlaziywa kwamakhemikhali enzika odongeni lwangaphakathi lwezitsha zobumba ezambiwa endaweni yakwaJiahu, kwatholakala ukuthi abantu ngaleso sikhathi babenza iwayini elibilile lerayisi, uju newayini, futhi babekugcina nasezibhodweni zobumba. ekhulwini leshumi nesikhombisa, lapho amalahle atholakala khona.Ukusebenza kahle kwamalahle kuphakeme kunotshani berayisi notshani, futhi izinga lokushisa lomlilo lingafinyelela kalula ngaphezu kuka-1000 ℃, ngakho izindleko zenqubo yokubumba ingilazi ziba phansi futhi zibe phansi.Kodwa amabhodlela engilazi aseyizinto ezingavamile ezingabonwa kuphela yisigaba esiphezulu ekuqaleni.(Ngifuna ngempela ukuphatha amabhodlela ewayini amaningana phakathi nekhulu le-17 ukuze ngishintshisane ngamaqhubu egolide!) Ngaleso sikhathi, iwayini lalithengiswa ngobuningi.Abantu abanezimo ezinhle zezomnotho bangase babe nebhodlela lengilazi yokhokho.Njalo lapho befuna ukuphuza, babethatha ibhodlela elingenalutho baye emgwaqweni ukuze bathole amasenti angu-20 ewayini!

Amabhodlela engilazi okuqala akhiwa ngokushaywa ngesandla, ngakho-ke ibhodlela lizoba nokungahleliwe okuhle komumo nekhono ngobungcweti bezobuchwepheshe kanye nekhono elibalulekile lomenzi wamabhodlela ngamunye.Kungenxa yokuthi usayizi wamabhodlela awukwazi ukuhlanganiswa.Kwaphela isikhathi eside, iwayini lingavunyelwe ukuthengiswa emabhodleleni, okwakuzoholela ekuhwebeni okungalungile.Esikhathini esidlule, lapho sivuthela amabhodlela, sasidinga ukubambisana okubili.Umuntu ucwilisa ingxenye eyodwa yeshubhu elide elikwazi ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu esitsheni sengilazi esishisayo bese ephephetha ikhambi libe isikhunta.Umsizi ulawula iswishi yesikhunta ngakolunye uhlangothi.Imikhiqizo eqediwe kancane ephuma esikhunjeni esifana nalesi isadinga isisekelo, noma idinga abantu ababili ukuze babambisane.Umuntu oyedwa usebenzisa induku yensimbi ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa ukuze abambe iphansi lemikhiqizo eseqediwe kancane, kanti omunye umuntu uzungezisa umzimba webhodlela kuyilapho enza ibhodlela eliphansi likhiqize iyunifomu kanye nesisekelo sosayizi esifanele.Umumo webhodlela wangempela uphansi futhi uthambekele, okuwumphumela wamandla we-centrifugal lapho ibhodlela lishaywa futhi lizungeziswa.

Kusukela ngekhulu le-17, ukuma kwebhodlela kuye kwashintsha kakhulu eminyakeni engu-200 elandelayo.Ukuma kwebhodlela kushintshile kusuka ku-anyanisi omfushane kuya kukholomu enomusa.Ukufingqa, esinye sezizathu ukuthi ukukhiqizwa kwewayini kuye kwanda kancane kancane, futhi iwayini lingagcinwa emabhodleleni.Ngesikhathi sokugcinwa, kwatholakala ukuthi lawo ma-scallions ayisicaba athatha indawo enkulu futhi ayilungele ukugcinwa, futhi ukuma kwawo kudinga ukuthuthukiswa okuqhubekayo;Okwesibili, abantu bathola kancane kancane ukuthi iwayini eligcinwe ebhodleleni lingaba ngcono kunewayini elisanda kukhishwa, okuwuhlobo lwe-embryonic lwethiyori yesimanje "yokuvuthwa kwewayini".Isitoreji ebhodleleni sesiphenduke inkambiso, ngakho-ke ukwakheka kwebhodlela kufanele kusebenze ngokubeka okulula nokonga isikhala.

Esikhathini sokuvunguza kwebhodlela lengilazi, ivolumu incike kakhulu kumthamo obalulekile we-blower blower.Ngaphambi kweminyaka yawo-1970, umthamo wamabhodlela ewayini wawuhluka ukusuka ku-650 ml kuya ku-850 ml.Amabhodlela e-Burgundy kanye ne-champagne ngokuvamile amakhulu, kuyilapho i-sherry namanye amabhodlela ewayini aqinisiwe ngokuvamile mancane.Kwaze kwaba ngawo-1970 lapho i-European Union yahlanganisa umthamo wamabhodlela ewayini, wonke ashintshwa ngo-750ml. Emlandweni, umthamo wamabhodlela ewayini ajwayelekile wawungefani.Kuze kube yiminyaka yawo-1970, i-European Community yabeka usayizi wamabhodlela ewayini ajwayelekile njengo-750ml ukuze kuthuthukiswe izinga.Njengamanje, amabhodlela ajwayelekile angama-750 ml amukelwa emhlabeni jikelele.Ngaphambi kwalokho, amabhodlela e-Burgundy ne-Champagne ayemakhudlwana kunalawo ase-Bordeaux, kuyilapho amabhodlela e-sherry ayevame ukuba mancane kunalawo ase-Bordeaux.Njengamanje, ibhodlela elijwayelekile lamanye amazwe lingu-500ml.Isibonelo, iwayini elimnandi laseHungary iTokai ligcwaliswa ngamabhodlela angu-500ml.Ngaphezu kwamabhodlela ajwayelekile, kukhona amabhodlela amancane noma amakhulu kunamabhodlela ajwayelekile.

Yize amabhodlela ajwayelekile asetshenziswa kakhulu angama-750ml, kunomehluko othile encazelweni nakusayizi wamabhodlela amanye amandla phakathi kweBordeaux neChampagne.

Nakuba umthamo wamabhodlela ewayini uhlangene, ukwakheka kwemizimba yawo kuhlukile, ngokuvamile kubonisa isiko lesifunda ngasinye.Izimo zebhodlela zezibalo eziningana ezivamile ziboniswa esithombeni.Ngakho-ke, ungaluzibi ulwazi olunikezwa uhlobo lwebhodlela, okuvame ukuba yinkomba yemvelaphi yewayini.Isibonelo, emazweni e-New World, amawayini enziwe nge-Pinot Noir kanye ne-Chardonnay avame ukufakwa emabhodleleni e-Burgundy njengemvelaphi;Ngendlela efanayo, iningi lamawayini abomvu e-Cabernet Sauvignon kanye ne-Merlot abomvu apakishwe emabhodleleni e-Bordeaux.

Ukuma kwebhodlela kwesinye isikhathi kuwuphawu lwesitayela: Okubomvu okomile kwe-Rioja kungase kuphekwe nge-Tempranillo noma i-Kohena.Uma kune-Tempranillo eyengeziwe ebhodleleni, abakhiqizi bavame ukusebenzisa izimo zebhodlela ezifana ne-Bordeaux ukuze bahumushe izici zayo eziqinile nezinamandla.Uma kukhona amaGerbera amaningi, bakhetha ukusebenzisa izimo zebhodlela le-Burgundy ukuveza izici zayo ezithambile nezithambile.

Ngokubona lapha, njengabantu abamhlophe ababeshisekela iwayini ekuqaleni, kumelwe ukuba baquleka izikhathi eziningi.Ngoba iphunga nokunambitheka kwewayini kudinga izidingo ezithile zomqondo wephunga nokunambitha, okudinga isikhathi eside sokufunda kanye nethalenta kumuntu oqalayo.Kodwa ungakhathazeki, ngeke sikhulume "ngokuma" kwephunga elimnandi nokuqaphela iwayini.Namuhla, sethula i-entry-level wine Rookie kumele ITHOLE izimpahla ezomile ezisheshayo!Lokho kuwukuhlonza iwayini ekumeni kwebhodlela!Ukunakwa: Ngaphezu kwendima yokugcina kanye namabhodlela ewayini nawo abe nomthelela othile kwikhwalithi yewayini.Okulandelayo yizinhlobo ezidume kakhulu zamabhodlela ewayini:

1.Bordeaux ibhodlela

Bordeaux ibhodlela amahlombe aqondile.Amabhodlela anemibala ehlukene aqukethe izinhlobo ezahlukene zewayini.Amabhodlela e-Bordeaux anezinhlangothi ezilula, amahlombe abanzi, nemibala emithathu: okuluhlaza okotshani, okuluhlaza okotshani, nokungabi nambala: okubomvu okomile emabhodleleni aluhlaza okotshani, okumhlophe okomile emabhodleleni aluhlaza okukhanyayo, nomhlophe omnandi emabhodleleni amhlophe.Lolu hlobo lwebhodlela lewayini nalo lukhona. evame ukusetshenziswa abathengisi iwayini emazweni New World ukubamba Bordeaux isitayela exubile iwayini, futhi iwayini Italian ezifana Chianti abuye avame ukusetshenziswa ukubamba Bordeaux amabhodlela.

Ukuma kwebhodlela elivamile lebhodlela le-Bordeaux, elinehlombe elibanzi kanye nomzimba oyi-cylindrical, kwenza inhlabathi ibe nzima ukuthulula.Amawayini amabili anokukhiqiza okuphezulu kanye nevolumu yokuthengisa emhlabeni, i-Cabernet Sauvignon ne-Merlot, wonke asebenzisa amabhodlela e-Bordeaux.E-Italy, ibhodlela lisetshenziswa kabanzi, njengewayini le-Chianti lamanje.

Njengoba lolu hlobo lwebhodlela lewayini luvamile futhi kulula ukulifaka ebhodleleni, ukuligcina kanye nokuthutha, lithandwa kakhulu ngabakwa-wineries.

2.Ibhodlela leBurgundy

Ibhodlela le-Burgundy ibhodlela lewayini elithandwa kakhulu futhi elisetshenziswa kakhulu ngaphandle kwebhodlela le-Bordeaux.Ibhodlela le-Burgundy libizwa nangokuthi ibhodlela lehlombe eliphansi.Umugqa wayo wamahlombe ubushelelezi, umzimba webhodlela uyindilinga, futhi umzimba webhodlela uwugqinsi futhi uqinile.Ibhodlela leBurgundy lisetshenziswa kakhulu ukubamba i-Pinot Noir, noma iwayini elibomvu elifana ne-Pinot Noir, kanye newayini elimhlophe le-Chardonnay.Kuyafaneleka ukusho ukuthi lolu hlobo lwebhodlela lehlombe le-diagonal elidumile e-Rhone Valley yaseFrance nalo linesimo esifanayo nebhodlela le-Burgundian, kodwa umzimba webhodlela uphakeme kancane, intamo incane kakhulu, futhi ngokuvamile ibhodlela lifakwe embossed.Oblique ihlombe kanye nesimo somzimba esiqondile sikhumbuza abantu besifazane asebekhulile baseYurophu.Umzimba webhodlela unomqondo oqinile wokuhleleka, ihlombe elincane, umzimba oyindilinga nobanzi, kanye ne-groove phansi.Amawayini ajwayele ukuqukethwe emabhodleleni e-Burgundy yi-Chardonnay kanye ne-Pinot Noir evela emazweni aseNew World.Amanye amawayini agcwele umzimba, njenge Barolo e-Italy, nawo asebenzisa amabhodlela e-Burgundy.

3.Ibhodlela le-Alsace

Mncane futhi mncane, njenge-blonde yesiFulentshi enomfanekiso omuhle.Ibhodlela elikulomumo linemibala emibili.Umzimba oluhlaza ubizwa ngebhodlela le-Alsace, kanti umzimba onsundu yibhodlela le-Rhine, futhi akukho groove phansi!Iwayini eliqukethwe kulolu hlobo lwebhodlela lewayini lihluke kakhulu, lisukela elomile kuye komile kancane kuye komile, elingabonakala kuphela ngelebula lewayini.

4.Ibhodlela le-Champagne

Umzimba obanzi onamahlombe atshekayo ufana nowebhodlela le-Burgundian, kodwa mkhulu, njengonogada oyi-burly.Iphansi lebhodlela ngokuvamile linokucindezeleka okujulile, okuwukumelana nokucindezela okukhulu okukhiqizwa inqubo ye-carbonization ebhodleleni le-champagne.Iwayini eliyisisekelo elicwebezelayo lipakishwe kuleli bhodlela, ngoba lo mklamo ungamelana nokucindezela okuphezulu kwewayini elicwebezelayo.

Amabhodlela amaningi ewayini esimanje anemibala emnyama, ngoba indawo emnyama izogwema ithonya lokukhanya kwikhwalithi yewayini.Kodwa ingabe uyazi ukuthi isizathu esenza ibhodlela lengilazi libe nombala ekuqaleni kwakuwumphumela ongenakuzisiza wokuthi abantu abakwazanga ukukhipha ukungcola engilazini.Kodwa kukhona nezibonelo zamabhodlela asobala, njengepinki egqamile kakhulu, ukuze umbone ngaphambi kokuvula ibhodlela.Manje iwayini okungadingeki ligcinwe ngokuvamile ligcinwa emabhodleleni angenambala, kuyilapho amabhodlela anemibala angasetshenziswa ukugcina iwayini eligugile.

Ngenxa yezinga lokushisa lengilazi engumkokotelo ezindaweni ezihlukene, amabhodlela ezindaweni eziningi abonisa imibala ehlukene.Amabhodlela ansundu angatholakala ezindaweni ezithile, njenge-Italy ne-Rhineland eJalimane.Esikhathini esedlule, imibala yamabhodlela ye-German Rhineland ne-Moselle yayihluke kakhulu.I-Rhineland ijwayele ukuba nsundu kuyilapho i-Moselle ithanda ukuba luhlaza.Kodwa manje abathengisi bewayini abaningi baseJalimane basebenzisa amabhodlela aluhlaza ukupakisha iwayini labo, ngoba uhlaza luhle kakhulu?Mhlawumbe kunjalo!Eminyakeni yamuva nje, omunye umbala ugosiwe othosiwe, okungukuthi, "umbala weqabunga elifile".Lona umbala ophakathi kophuzi nokuluhlaza.Yaqala ukuvela emaphaketheni ewayini elimhlophe laseBurgundy's Chardonnay.Njengoba i-Chardonnay ihamba emhlabeni wonke, ama-distilleries kwezinye izifunda nawo asebenzisa lo mbala wamaqabunga afile ukupakisha iwayini lawo.

Ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko singakusiza ukuthi uqonde kangcono umlando wewayini elibomvu kanye nokuthuthukiswa kwamabhodlela ewayini elibomvu